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This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


Map of Syria
Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Syria Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, France administered Syria until its independence in 1946. The country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawite sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah.
   Geography    Syria Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
35 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Middle East
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 185,180 sq km
land: 184,050 sq km
water: 1,130 sq km
note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly larger than North Dakota
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,253 km
border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
193 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 24.8%
permanent crops: 4.47%
other: 70.73% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
13,330 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing
46.1 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing
Total: 19.95 cu km/yr (3%/2%/95%)
Per capita: 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
dust storms, sandstorms
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2005 est.)
   People    Syria Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
19,314,747
note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 36.5% (male 3,633,562/female 3,423,435)
15-64 years: 60.1% (male 5,952,275/female 5,664,236)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 303,346/female 337,893) (2007 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 21.1 years
male: 20.9 years
female: 21.2 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
2.244% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
27.19 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.061 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.051 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.898 male(s)/female
total population: 1.049 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 27.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 27.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 70.61 years
male: 69.27 years
female: 72.02 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.31 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 500 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Syrian(s)
adjective: Syrian
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Sunni Muslim 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.6%
male: 86%
female: 73.6% (2004 census)
   Government    Syria Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic
conventional short form: Syria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
local short form: Suriyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic under an authoritarian military-dominated regime
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
name: Damascus
geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 30 September
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 17 April (1946)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
13 March 1973
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
based on a combination of French and Ottoman civil law; Islamic law is used in the family court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 22-23 April 2007 (next to be held in 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NPF 172, independents 78
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the President); national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President); Court of Cassation; Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts); local level - Magistrate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Juvenile Courts; Customs Courts; specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes); Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security); Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
legal parties: National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan QUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSU]; Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]); illegal parties: Kurdish Azadi Party [Khayr al-Din MURAD]; Kurdish Democratic Alliance [Abd al-Hamid DARWISH] (includes four parties); Kurdish Democratic Front (includes three parties but no designated leader); Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD [Ali MUHAMMAD]; Kurdish Future Movement; Kurdish Yekiti Party [Hasan SALEH]; National Democratic Front [Hassan Abd al-AZEM]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Damascus Declaration [Riyad SEIF, secretary general] (a broad alliance of opposition groups including: Committee for Revival of Civil Society [Michel KILO, Riyad SEIF]; Kurdish Democratic Alliance; Kurdish Democratic Front; National Democratic Front; Syrian Human Rights Society or HRAS [Fawed FAWUZ]); National Salvation Front (alliance between former Vice President Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, the SMB, and other small opposition groups); Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Sadr al-Din al-BAYANUNI]; (operates in exile in London; endorsed the Damascus Declaration but is not an official member)
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA
chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313
FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael CORBIN
embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus
mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus
telephone: [963] (11) 3391-4444
FAX: [963] (11) 3391-3999
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design dates to 1980
   Economy    Syria Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
The Syrian economy grew by an estimated 3.5% in real terms in 2007 led by the petroleum and agricultural sectors, which together account for about one-half of GDP. Higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary and export receipts. Damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably, gasoline and cement, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange-which is set to begin operations in 2008. In October 2007, for example, Damascus raised the price of subsidized gasoline by 20%, and may institute a rationing system in 2008. In addition, President ASAD signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the Central Bank to issue Treasury bills and bonds for government debt. Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment and inflation, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$86.59 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$29.28 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.5% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$4,500 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 24.6%
industry: 24.4%
services: 51% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.457 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 26%
industry: 14%
services: 60% (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
11.9% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
23.8% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $8.45 billion
expenditures: $10.38 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
37.3% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-0.4% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
34.94 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
34 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2007)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
0 kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
390,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
245,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
150,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.5 billion bbl (2007 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8.5 billion cu m (2006 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.1 billion cu m (2006 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2006 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2006 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
240 billion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
-$2.16 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$10.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
crude oil, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Iraq 27.3%, Germany 12.2%, Lebanon 9.5%, Italy 6.6%, Egypt 5.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.7% (2006)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$11.49 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Saudi Arabia 12.3%, China 7.9%, Egypt 6.2%, UAE 6%, Italy 4.9%, Ukraine 4.8%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.5% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing
$77.85 million (2005 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$6.039 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$6.61 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$NA
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
Syrian pound (SYP)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
Syrian pounds per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)
note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03 are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during 2004-06,
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Syria Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.243 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.675 million (2006)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
domestic: the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing rapidly and teledensity has reached 25 wireless telephones per 100 persons; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.sy
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
119 (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.5 million (2006)
   Transportation    Syria Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
90 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 26
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 64
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 52 (2007)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing
7 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 2,764 km; oil 2,000 km (2006)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 2,711 km
standard gauge: 2,460 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2006)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 94,890 km
paved: 19,073 km
unpaved: 75,817 km (2004)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
900 km (not economically significant) (2005)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 96 ships (1000 GRT or over) 353,351 GRT/512,597 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 7, cargo 82, container 1, livestock carrier 4, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Jordan 2, Lebanon 4, Romania 4)
registered in other countries: 164 (Bolivia 1, Cambodia 32, Comoros 8, Cyprus 2, Dominica 2, Georgia 54, Hong Kong 1, North Korea 7, Lebanon 1, Libya 1, Malta 4, Mongolia 1, Panama 24, Sierra Leone 8, Slovakia 2, St Kitts and Nevis 5, St Vincent and The Grenadines 11, unknown 2) (2007)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Latakia, Tartus
   Military    Syria Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army (includes Syrian Arab Navy), Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Force (includes Air Defense Command) (2005)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (18 months in the Syrian Arab Navy); women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2004)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 4,356,413
females age 18-49: 4,123,339 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 3,453,888
females age 18-49: 3,421,558 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 225,113
females age 18-49: 211,829 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.9% (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Syria Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing
refugees (country of origin): 700,000 - 1.2 million (Iraq), 434,896 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2006)
Trafficking in persons:
Definition Field Listing
current situation: Syria is a destination country for women from South and Southeast Asia and Africa for domestic servitude and from Eastern Europe and Iraq for sexual exploitation; women are recruited for work in Syria as domestic servants, but some face conditions of exploitation and involuntary servitude including long hours, non-payment of wages, withholding of passports and other restrictions on movement, and physical and sexual abuse; Eastern European women recruited for work in Syria as cabaret dancers are not permitted to leave their work premises without permission and have their passports withheld; some displaced Iraqi women and children are reportedly forced into sexual exploitation
tier rating: Tier 3 - Syria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing
a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering

This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


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