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This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


Map of Finland
Legend: DefinitionDefinition Field ListingField Listing Rank OrderRank Order
   Introduction    Finland Top of Page
Background:
Definition Field Listing
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
   Geography    Finland Top of Page
Location:
Definition Field Listing
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing
64 00 N, 26 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing
Europe
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 338,145 sq km
land: 304,473 sq km
water: 33,672 sq km
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing
slightly smaller than Montana
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing
total: 2,681 km
border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing
1,250 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing
territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
Definition Field Listing
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
Land use:
Definition Field Listing
arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 93.44% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing
640 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing
110 cu km (2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing
Total: 2.33 cu km/yr (14%/84%/3%)
Per capita: 444 cu m/yr (1999)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing
NA
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
   People    Finland Top of Page
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5,238,460 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing
0-14 years: 16.9% (male 449,548/female 433,253)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 1,768,996/female 1,727,143)
65 years and over: 16.4% (male 344,798/female 514,722) (2007 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing
total: 41.6 years
male: 40 years
female: 43.1 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.127% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
10.42 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
9.93 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing
0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.038 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.024 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.958 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total population: 78.66 years
male: 75.15 years
female: 82.31 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.73 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1,500 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
less than 100 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing
noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.2%, Sami 0.1%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing
Lutheran Church of Finland 84.2%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 13.5% (2003)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing
Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2000 est.)
   Government    Finland Top of Page
Country name:
Definition Field Listing
conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form: Suomi/Finland
Government type:
Definition Field Listing
republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing
name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing
6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani
Independence:
Definition Field Listing
6 December 1917 (from Russia)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing
1 March 2000
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing
civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007)
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 15 January 2006 (next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected 17 April 2007
election results: percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%, Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti Vanhanen (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA (VIHR) 3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29 January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN relected prime minister; election results 121-71
note: government coalition - Kesk, SDP, and SFP
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing
unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 18 March 2007 (next to be held March 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%, SDP 21.4%, VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%, other 3.4%; seats by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15, SFP 9, KD 7, True Finns 5, other 1
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left Alliance or VAS [Martti KORHONEN] (composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative); National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Stefan WALLIN]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing
AfDB, Arctic Council, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Pekka LINTU
chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800
FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing
chief of mission: Ambassador Marilyn WARE
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone: [358] (9) 616250
FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
   Economy    Finland Top of Page
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important; exports equal two-fifths of GDP. Finland excels in high-tech exports, e.g., mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. High unemployment remains a persistent problem. In 2007 Russia announced plans to impose high tariffs on raw timber exported to Finland. The Finnish pulp and paper industry will be threatened if these duties are put into place in 2008 and 2009, and the matter is now being handled by the European Union.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$185.9 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing
$210.5 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
3.9% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$35,500 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture: 2.5%
industry: 31.7%
services: 65.9% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.68 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing
agriculture and forestry 4.4%, industry 17.5%, construction 6%, commerce 22%, finance, insurance, and business services 12%, transport and communications 8%, public services 30.2% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
6.6% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing
NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 22.6% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing
26 (2005)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.7% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
19.4% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing
revenues: $124.2 billion
expenditures: $114 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
32.9% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing
barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish
Industries:
Definition Field Listing
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.5% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
67.09 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
81.11 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing
933 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing
17.92 billion kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
8,951 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
219,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
118,300 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
333,400 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.244 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
4.245 billion cu m (2005)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
0 cu m (1 January 2006)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$17.12 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$92.62 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp (1999)
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 11.3%, Sweden 10.5%, Russia 10.1%, UK 6.5%, US 6.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2006)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$76.36 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing
Germany 15.6%, Russia 14%, Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.6%, China 5.4%, UK 4.7%, Denmark 4.5% (2006)
Economic aid - donor:
Definition Field Listing
ODA, $850.5 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$7.499 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$271.2 billion (30 June 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$64.18 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$90.83 billion (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
$209.5 billion (2005)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing
euros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing
calendar year
   Communications    Finland Top of Page
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
1.92 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
5.67 million (2006)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing
general assessment: modern system with excellent service
domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide domestic needs
international: country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing
120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing
.fi; note - the ICANN has assigned the ccTLD of .ax to the Aland Islands
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.323 million (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2.925 million (2006)
   Transportation    Finland Top of Page
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
148 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 76
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 27
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 15 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing
total: 72
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 68 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing
gas 694 km (2006)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 5,741 km
broad gauge: 5,741 km 1.524-m gauge (2,619 km electrified) (2006)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 78,189 km
paved: 50,760 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,429 km (2007)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
7,842 km
note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia (2006)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
total: 92 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,362,014 GRT/1,002,280 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 26, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 23, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 5 (Germany 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2)
registered in other countries: 43 (Bahamas 8, Germany 4, Gibraltar 3, Marshall Islands 2, Netherlands 14, Norway 1, Sweden 10, UK 1) (2007)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing
Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Turku
   Military    Finland Top of Page
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army, Navy (includes coastal defense forces), Air Force (Suomen Ilmavoimat) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing
18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months (2007)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 1,121,275
females age 18-49: 1,076,684 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 913,617
females age 18-49: 875,689 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
Definition Field Listing
males age 18-49: 32,040
females age 18-49: 30,519 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order
2% (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Finland Top of Page
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

This page was last updated on 17 January, 2008


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